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Sunday, May 12, 2013
Saturday, May 11, 2013
Ancient Arctic was warm, wet, and green. What that says about the future.
A 1,000-foot core sample taken from a lake in Russia's northeast Arctic documents a period when the region was 14 degrees warmer than today, but with similar atmospheric CO2 ?levels.
A NASA satellite shows the state of Arctic sea ice, seen here September 16, 2008. A 1,000-foot ice core from the Arctic's Lake E suggests that the Arctic was heavily forested 3.5 million years ago, when carbon dioxide levels were similar to today.
Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio / NASA / Reuters / File
EnlargeWorking with a continuous record of Arctic climate reaching back 3.6 million years, researchers have documented a period when the region was significantly warmer and wetter than it is today and when the atmosphere's inventory of carbon dioxide was comparable to today's levels.
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The period the team has analyzed covers the first 1.4 million years of the record, when the region's climate shifted from warm and wet to conditions that signaled the start of ice ages.
This period is of interest in part because the warmth persisted despite periodic shifts in Earth's orbit that reduced the intensity of sunlight reaching the region.
Temperatures were high enough ? about 14 degrees warmer than today in the warmest month of the summer ? to suggest that the climate system is more sensitive to small changes in greenhouse-gas concentrations than the sensitivity estimates included in some climate models.
If that's the case, as other paleoclimate studies have indicated, the models may be underestimating the amount of warming likely to result from increasing atmospheric CO2?concentrations, the scientists say.
The period also is of interest because it holds clues about the factors that drove climate from prolonged warmth into a cycle of ice ages ? factors that will help researchers understand the role natural variability plays in the region's climate and where climatic ?tipping points? may lie.
The work ?identifies for the first time a long, continuous story of that history from the Arctic and what I call the Arctic borderlands,? says Julie Brigham-Grette, a geologist at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst who focuses on the Arctic's ancient climate, referring to adjacent regions. Dr. Brigham-Grette is the lead author of a formal report of the results, which are being published in Friday's issue of the journal Science.
The research was conducted by a team of 16 scientists from Russia, the US, Germany and Sweden.
The evidence is captured in a 1,034-foot core sample the team drew from the bottom of Lake El'gygytgyn, known informally as Lake E. It formed 3.6 billion years ago after a meteor punched a crater in Russia's northeastern Arctic. The crater filled to form a lake 7 miles across and some 560 feet deep. The area around the lake managed to remain ice free during the ebb and flow of continental ice sheets during the Pleistocene ice ages, allowing sediment layers ? and the pollen and other climate indicators they contain ? to build up uninterrupted for the last 3.56 million years.
The team published initial results from the Lake E core last year, focusing on the Pleistocene. This latest effort focuses on the climate from the earlier, mid Pliocene through the onset of the glacial cycles.
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Jennifer Lopez Concert Movie Will Touch On Her Divorce From Marc Anthony
Jennifer Lopez is taking a cue from Katy Perry.
On Wednesday, the pop star told New York radio host Elvis Duran that her upcoming 3D concert movie will touch on her split from estranged husband Marc Anthony.
"I'd been through a big change in my life with the divorce and everything, and as crazy as we are we thought let's put that on camera!" she told Duran (via MTV UK).
In August 2012, Lopez's manager Benny Medina first revealed to "Extra" that the singer was shooting footage for a 3D concert movie called "Dance Again" -- the same name as her hit song with Pitbull and the title of her 2012 world tour.
Lopez appears to be following in the footsteps of Perry, who released a concert movie -- "Katy Perry: Part of Me 3D" -- in July 2012 that chronicled her "California Dreams" tour and divorce from British comedian Russell Brand.
Lopez and Anthony -- who are parents to 5-year-old twins -- first announced their split in July 2011. Anthony filed for divorce the following year in April 2012. Since the split, Lopez, 43, has been been dating 26-year-old choreographer and "Dance Again" creative director Casper Smart.
Watch the video above for a clip from Lopez's radio show interview. Then, click through the slideshow below for photos of J.Lo throughout the years.
Keep in touch! Check out HuffPost Divorce on Facebook and Twitter.
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Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/09/jennifer-lopez-concert-mo_n_3247167.html
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Thursday, May 9, 2013
Are 3-D printers worth it?
You can build nearly anything in 3-D, thanks to the increasingly affordable 3-D printers. That raises interesting new questions for designers and hobbyists.
Eudginei Ribiro blasts air into a 3-D print of a skull to blow away access powder at Z Corporation headquarters, in Burlington, Mass., January 11, 2010. In 2010, 3-D printers could create objects at a rate of one vertical inch per hour, and at a cost of two to three dollars per cubic inch.
Mary Knox Merrill / The Christian Science Monitor
EnlargeIf you could make anything you want, what would it be? That's the challenge 3-D printing poses to consumers. But that open-ended question is also a challenge for 3-D printing. Do consumers know what they want, and do they care enough and have the patience to make it?
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Home devices such as the MakerBot Replicator and print-to-order companies like Shapeways and Sculpteo can take an idea and make it physical ? limited to plastic in the former case but extending to ceramic, plaster, stainless steel and even silver in the latter. Still, you must have the idea to start with.
That's no problem for "makers" ? the new hip, high-tech name for hobbyists and home inventors. If you want to design and build a gadget, replace an out-of-stock mechanical part or even create your own jewelry, 3-D printers make it possible and affordable as old technology never could have.
"When you have a MakerBot it makes sense to make anything you want," said Bre Pettis, founder of MakerBot, a company that transformed 3D printers from industrial devices to (somewhat) affordable desktop gadgets. Its flagship MakerBot Replicator 2 sells for $2,199.
And the makers have been busy. MakerBot's Thingiverse site hosts more than 80,000 digital design files that people can download to print anything from toys to tools. They can even tweak the designs in MakerBot's free MakerWare application.
"So that's the beauty of Thingiverse.com," Pettis told TechNewsDaily. "If somebody has an idea and they make it, they can share it, and the whole world benefits." (However, designs for weapons and any illegal items are not allowed.)?
The Featured section of Thingiverse, for example, includes customizable iPhone cases, a water bottle with cap, a model of the Winterfell castle from the opening credits to "Game of Thrones" and a "steampunk" version of one of the ghosts from "Pac-Man."
Both fun and useful applications, but not exactly cheap compared to the competition. High-end iPhone cases from companies such as Speck top out around $40. And even a stainless-steel vacuum-sealed thermos bottle sells for just $49.95 from REI. You'd have to make a lot of Thingiverse products to pay off the cost of the 3-D printer and the plastic spools you feed it ? to say nothing of the time you invest.
Beyond doodads, a MakerBot can produce "revolutionary" things, as Pettis calls them. His favorite example is the Robohand ? a prosthetic for children who were born without fingers. Two makers ? one in the U.S. and one in South Africa ? collaborated online to create the design. Anyone can download the design and print the components to make the prosthetic.
But very few people need to replace a missing hand ? certainly not people in every home. [See video: 3D Printing: From Doodads To Prosthetic Hands]
Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/science/~3/Wj3e0MDcxUY/Are-3-D-printers-worth-it
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Spintronics discovery: Scientists find new 'magic' in magnetic material
May 8, 2013 ? From powerful computers to super-sensitive medical and environmental detectors that are faster, smaller and use less energy -- yes, we want them, but how do we get them?
In research that is helping to lay the groundwork for the electronics of the future, University of Delaware scientists have confirmed the presence of a magnetic field generated by electrons which scientists had theorized existed, but that had never been proven until now.
The finding, which is reported in the journal Nature Communications, expands the potential for harnessing the "spin" or magnetic properties of electrons -- adding a fundamental new building block to the pioneering field of spintronics.
John Xiao, Unidel Professor of Physics and Astronomy at UD, is the lead author of the study. His co-authors include research associate Xin Fan, graduate students Jun Wu and Yunpeng Chen, and undergraduate student Matthew Jerry from UD, and Huaiwu Zhang from the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China.
Today's semiconductors, which are essential to the operation of a broad array of electronics, carry along the electrical charge of electrons, but make no use of the magnetic or "spin" properties of these subatomic particles. Xiao and his team are working to unveil those properties in UD's Center for Spintronics and Biodetection.
As Xiao explains, in the presence of a magnet, an electron will take a "spin up" or "spin down" position, correlating to the binary states of 1 or 0 that computers use to encode and process data. One spin state aligns with the magnetic field, and one opposes it. A spintronics device requires an excess number of either spin-up or spin-down electrons. Controlling the direction of the magnetization is a major goal in the fledgling field.
For the past few years, scientists have succeeded in generating a pure spin current in which electrons with opposite spins move in opposite directions. This is achieved by passing an electrical current through a heavy metal that's not magnetic, such as platinum, tungsten and tantalum.
However, in a double layer of heavy metal and ferromagnetic material (for example, iron or cobalt), this pure spin current will diffuse into the ferromagnetic material. When this occurs, Xiao and his team have detected a magnetic field, which can switch the material's magnetization.
This magnetic field is confined inside the ferromagnetic material unlike the conventional magnetic field generated from a magnet, which is difficult to shield. Xiao says this finding is particularly important to high-density integrated circuits, such as magnetic random access memory, in which shielding the magnetic field between cells is "a nightmare."
"This magnetic field was predicted previously but was never experimentally confirmed. We demonstrated that it's there," Xiao says. "We now have a new means of generating a magnetic field and controlling the direction of a nanomagnet, as well as a new measurement technique to characterize the magnetic field."
Funding for Xiao's study was provided by the Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation.
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